市场营销毕业论文外文翻译.doc

市场营销毕业论文外文翻译



第一篇

1.Briefly on contracts
The law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise (often called implied in law or quasi contract) in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it.
The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity, formalities, offer and acceptance, consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance, frustration and impossibility, discharge, rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries, and remedies. It has, to a very considerable extent, preserved its unitary quality , resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties.
Accordingly, with some exceptions, its principles are applicable to agreements on such varied subjects as employment, sale of goods or land, and insurance, and to such diverse parties as individuals, business organizations, and governmental entities.

1．契约简论
契约法所关心的是实现所约定的义务。通常，契约责任是以自由同意为基础的。这种同意表现为当事人明示的允诺或事实上由当事人通过行为而默示允诺。但在某些情况下尽管受约束的一方并未同意，法院仍会推定允诺之存在（往往称为由法律推定的契约即准契约），以免有人不当得利。
契约法的内容，包括能力、形式、要约与承诺、约因、欺诈与错误、合法与否、解释与推定、履行及其条件、契约目的无法达到和契约无法履行、免责、受让人及受益的第三人之权利和补救方法。契约在很大范围内保持着统一性而按照协议之内容或当事人之性质排斥了不同种类契约之间的基本区别。因此，除若干例外情况外，契约法原则适用于诸如个人、企业和政府实体等不同的当事人。

第二篇：

2.Torts
Leading legal writers agree that no one has satisfactorily defined a tort. this is partly because torts are so common, so widespread and so varied. You are far more likely to be the victim of a tort than of a crime,  and you are also far more likely to commit a tort than a crime.
A tort is a civil wrong against an individual. A crime , on the other hand, is an offense against the public at large, or the state. An automobile driver who carelessly bumps into your car in a parking lot and crumples the fender had committed no crime.
Suppose, however, that after leaving the parking lot the same driver goes to a nearby bar, downs six whiskeys, then careens through a crowded city street at fifty miles an hour. Now he has committed at least these crimes: drunken driving, reckless driving and endangering the lives of others. But unless he actually damages another car or injures someone he has not violated the rights of nay individual.
A crime, then, is wrongful act against society. When a crime is committed, it is the state’s responsibility to investigate, prosecute and bear the expense of legal acting against the defendant, in the court handling criminal matters.

2．侵权行为
主要的法学著作家都同意：谁也没有给侵权行为下过一个令人满意的定义。之所以如此，其部分愿意在于侵权行为司空见惯、比比皆是而又五花八门。人们可能成为侵权行为被害人的机会要比可能成为犯罪行被害人的机会多得多，而人们可能侵权的机会也要比可能犯罪的机会多得多。
侵权是对某个人的民违法行为；而犯罪，则是对全社会或对国家的犯罪行为。一位不慎在停车场内碰了你的东西且撞歪了你车上保险杠的汽车司机已经侵犯了你的财产权，但是他没有犯什么罪。
可是，假定这位司机在离开停车场后，走进了附近的一家酒吧间，灌下了六份威士忌酒，然后以每小时五十英里的车速在一条交通拥挤的市内马路上曲线驾驶；那么这下子他至少已经犯下了下列罪行；酗酒驾车、开猛车和危害他人生命安全。但是除非实际损坏了他人汽车或伤害了他人身体，他还没有侵犯任何人的权利。