人工智能与专家系统 外文文献译文和原文.doc
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人工智能与专家系统 外文文献译文和原文,artificialintelligenceandexpertsystem1.history of aithe seed of ai were sown only two years after general electric installed the first computer for business use...
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEM
1. History of AI
The seed of AI were sown only two years after General Electric installed the first computer for business use. The year was 1956, and the term artificial intelligence (AI) was coined by john McCarthy as the theme of a conference held at Dartmouth College . That same year, the first AI computer program, called Logic Theorist was announced. Logic Theorist’s limited ability to the reason (proving calculus theorems) encourage researchers to develop another program called the General Problem Solver (GPS), which was intended to solve problems of all kinds. The task turned out to be more then the early pioneers could handle.
AI research continued, but it took backseat to the less ambitious computer applications such as MIS and DSS. Over time, however, persistent research continued to push back the frontiers of using the computer for tasks that normally require human intelligence.
2. Areas of AI
AI is currently being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use human knowledge to solve problems. The most popular type of knowledge-based system is the expert system. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human expert in the form of heuristics is derived from the same Greek root as the word eureka, which means “to discover”. A heuristic is, therefore, a rule of good guessing.
Heuristics do not guarantee results as absolutely as do conventional algorithms that are incorporated into DSSs, but they offer results that are specific enough most of the time to be useful. The heuristics allow the expert system to function in a manner consistent with a human expert, advising the user on how to solve a problem. Since the expert system functions as a consultant, the act of using it is called a consultation--the user consults the expert system for advice.
人工智能与专家系统
1．AI（人工智能）发展史
仅仅在通用电器公司开始将电脑应用于商业领域之后两年，即1956年，就出现了人工智能。人工智能这一术语是由John McCarthy在Ddartmouth大学的学术论坛上提出的。同年，第一个人工智能计算程序——Logic Theorist诞生了。Logic Theorist在推理方面的局限促使了研究人员开发另一个程序，那就是GPS(通用问题求解程序)。其目的是为了解决各种各样的问题，其解决问题的能力比前几代更强。
AI研究仍在继续，但与MIS和DDS等计算机应用相比，研究热情的减弱使人工智能的研究相对落后。然而，在研究方面的不断努力一定会推动计算机向人工智能化方向发展。
2．AI领域
AI现在已经以知识系统的形式应用于商业领域，既利用人类知识来解决问题。专家系统是最流行的基于知识的系统，他是应用计算机程序以启发方式替代专家知识。Heuristic术语来自希腊eureka，意思是“探索”。因此，启发方式是一种良好猜想的规则。
启发式方法并不能保证其结果如同DSS系统中传统的算法那样绝对化。但是启发式方法提供的结果非常具体 ，以至于能适应于大部分情况启发式方法允许专家系统能像专家那样工作，建议用户如何解决问题。因为专家系统被当作顾问，所以，应用专家系统就可以被称为咨询。
除了专家系统外，AI还包括以下领域：神经网络系统、感知系统、学习系统、机器人、AI硬件、自然语言处理。注意这些领域有交叉，交叉部分也就意味着这个领域可以从另一个领域中收益。
1. History of AI
The seed of AI were sown only two years after General Electric installed the first computer for business use. The year was 1956, and the term artificial intelligence (AI) was coined by john McCarthy as the theme of a conference held at Dartmouth College . That same year, the first AI computer program, called Logic Theorist was announced. Logic Theorist’s limited ability to the reason (proving calculus theorems) encourage researchers to develop another program called the General Problem Solver (GPS), which was intended to solve problems of all kinds. The task turned out to be more then the early pioneers could handle.
AI research continued, but it took backseat to the less ambitious computer applications such as MIS and DSS. Over time, however, persistent research continued to push back the frontiers of using the computer for tasks that normally require human intelligence.
2. Areas of AI
AI is currently being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use human knowledge to solve problems. The most popular type of knowledge-based system is the expert system. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human expert in the form of heuristics is derived from the same Greek root as the word eureka, which means “to discover”. A heuristic is, therefore, a rule of good guessing.
Heuristics do not guarantee results as absolutely as do conventional algorithms that are incorporated into DSSs, but they offer results that are specific enough most of the time to be useful. The heuristics allow the expert system to function in a manner consistent with a human expert, advising the user on how to solve a problem. Since the expert system functions as a consultant, the act of using it is called a consultation--the user consults the expert system for advice.
人工智能与专家系统
1．AI（人工智能）发展史
仅仅在通用电器公司开始将电脑应用于商业领域之后两年，即1956年，就出现了人工智能。人工智能这一术语是由John McCarthy在Ddartmouth大学的学术论坛上提出的。同年，第一个人工智能计算程序——Logic Theorist诞生了。Logic Theorist在推理方面的局限促使了研究人员开发另一个程序，那就是GPS(通用问题求解程序)。其目的是为了解决各种各样的问题，其解决问题的能力比前几代更强。
AI研究仍在继续，但与MIS和DDS等计算机应用相比，研究热情的减弱使人工智能的研究相对落后。然而，在研究方面的不断努力一定会推动计算机向人工智能化方向发展。
2．AI领域
AI现在已经以知识系统的形式应用于商业领域，既利用人类知识来解决问题。专家系统是最流行的基于知识的系统，他是应用计算机程序以启发方式替代专家知识。Heuristic术语来自希腊eureka，意思是“探索”。因此，启发方式是一种良好猜想的规则。
启发式方法并不能保证其结果如同DSS系统中传统的算法那样绝对化。但是启发式方法提供的结果非常具体 ，以至于能适应于大部分情况启发式方法允许专家系统能像专家那样工作，建议用户如何解决问题。因为专家系统被当作顾问，所以，应用专家系统就可以被称为咨询。
除了专家系统外，AI还包括以下领域：神经网络系统、感知系统、学习系统、机器人、AI硬件、自然语言处理。注意这些领域有交叉，交叉部分也就意味着这个领域可以从另一个领域中收益。
