欧洲桥梁研究------外文翻译.doc

A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar.
Introduction
The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency.
Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to consortia of academics and industrial partners within a number of the states— a Brite Euram bid would normally be led by an industrialist.



在欧洲，一个共同研究的平台随着欧盟的发展诞生了。为了举例说明欧洲的研究方法已经被这种方式所替代，一个典型的案例就是有关英国后张法桥梁被讨论的事，爱丁堡大学给出了这个关于用数字化脉冲雷达鉴定后张法混凝土桥梁孔隙的资源互补的案例。
引言
利用各研究团体的研究成果去验证大量相关论据是所有研究领域所面临的挑战，这是为了能使研究和实践更好地结合，具有针对性。此外，在欧洲，不容忽视的语言壁垒也是一个巨大的障碍,为了避免再次爆发类似于从1939年至1945的第二次世界大战似的的欧洲内战，欧洲国家有了一个共同的政治目的，成立于20世纪60年代的欧共体便是基于这一目的。它的成立带有很强的政治动机，但英国并非这一组织的成员，因为很多的欧洲国家视英国的利益为单纯的经济利益，直到70年代，英国才加入由欧共体转化而来的欧洲经济共同体。到90年代，欧洲经济共同体扩展为欧洲国家联盟，而此时的欧盟既有共同的政治目标又有建立欧洲共同的货币体系的经济目标。
随着经济和政治的发展，土木工程，尤其是桥梁工程至今没能形成某种统一阵线。这缘于英国和其他的欧洲国家迥异的大学教育培养体制，欧洲基金计划如苏格拉底计划、大不列颠（英国）欧洲计划等等。对改变这种局面发挥了独特的作用，苏格拉底计划是以各成员国内互派学生学习为基础，而英国欧洲计划主要是给予一些国家的学术机构和工业伙伴以科研援助；它通常是由一个工业国家牵头。