契约简论和侵权行为------外文资料翻译.doc
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契约简论和侵权行为------外文资料翻译,1.briefly on contractsthe law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. contractual liability is usually based on consent freely...
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1.Briefly on contracts
The law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise (often called implied in law or quasi contract) in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it.
The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity, formalities, offer and acceptance, consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance, frustration and impossibility, discharge, rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries, and remedies. It has, to a very considerable extent, preserved its unitary quality , resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties.
Accordingly, with some exceptions, its principles are applicable to agreements on such varied subjects as employment, sale of goods or land, and insurance, and to such diverse parties as individuals, business organizations, and governmental entities.
It is largely state rather than federal law, but it differs usually only in detail from one state to anther. While it is still primarily case law, an increasing number of statutes deal with particular problems. The Uniform Commercial Code, for example, contains some special provisions on the formation of contracts for the sale of goods. And by the Tucker Act of 1887, as amended, one of the most significant of the federal statutes in the field, the United States government has waived its sovereign immunity in contract actions by consenting to suit in the federal courts. Some rules laid down by statute, and by case law as well, are mandatory or compulsory and cannot be avoided by the parties, while others are implicative, interpretative, or suppletory and can be varied by agreement.
1．契约简论
契约法所关心的是实现所约定的义务。通常，契约责任是以自由同意为基础的。这种同意表现为当事人明示的允诺或事实上由当事人通过行为而默示允诺。但在某些情况下尽管受约束的一方并未同意，法院仍会推定允诺之存在（往往称为由法律推定的契约即准契约），以免有人不当得利。
契约法的内容，包括能力、形式、要约与承诺、约因、欺诈与错误、合法与否、解释与推定、履行及其条件、契约目的无法达到和契约无法履行、免责、受让人及受益的第三人之权利和补救方法。契约在很大范围内保持着统一性而按照协议之内容或当事人之性质排斥了不同种类契约之间的基本区别。因此，除若干例外情况外，契约法原则适用于诸如个人、企业和政府实体等不同的当事人。
契约法大多是州法不是联邦法，但各州之间的契约法只有细节之别。契约法主要虽仍为案例法，但处理具体问题的制定法日益增多了。例如，美国《统一商法典》就对商品销售合同之形成设有若干具体规定，而根据作为在这方面最重要的联邦法之一的1887年塔克法（已经修正的），美国政府已因同意在各联邦法院应诉而在契约诉讼中放弃了主权豁免。某些由制定法（以及案例法）规定的规则是强制的，当事人不得避免；而另一些规则则是含蓄的、解释性的、补充性的，因而可以由协议改变之。
The law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise (often called implied in law or quasi contract) in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it.
The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity, formalities, offer and acceptance, consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance, frustration and impossibility, discharge, rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries, and remedies. It has, to a very considerable extent, preserved its unitary quality , resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties.
Accordingly, with some exceptions, its principles are applicable to agreements on such varied subjects as employment, sale of goods or land, and insurance, and to such diverse parties as individuals, business organizations, and governmental entities.
It is largely state rather than federal law, but it differs usually only in detail from one state to anther. While it is still primarily case law, an increasing number of statutes deal with particular problems. The Uniform Commercial Code, for example, contains some special provisions on the formation of contracts for the sale of goods. And by the Tucker Act of 1887, as amended, one of the most significant of the federal statutes in the field, the United States government has waived its sovereign immunity in contract actions by consenting to suit in the federal courts. Some rules laid down by statute, and by case law as well, are mandatory or compulsory and cannot be avoided by the parties, while others are implicative, interpretative, or suppletory and can be varied by agreement.
1．契约简论
契约法所关心的是实现所约定的义务。通常，契约责任是以自由同意为基础的。这种同意表现为当事人明示的允诺或事实上由当事人通过行为而默示允诺。但在某些情况下尽管受约束的一方并未同意，法院仍会推定允诺之存在（往往称为由法律推定的契约即准契约），以免有人不当得利。
契约法的内容，包括能力、形式、要约与承诺、约因、欺诈与错误、合法与否、解释与推定、履行及其条件、契约目的无法达到和契约无法履行、免责、受让人及受益的第三人之权利和补救方法。契约在很大范围内保持着统一性而按照协议之内容或当事人之性质排斥了不同种类契约之间的基本区别。因此，除若干例外情况外，契约法原则适用于诸如个人、企业和政府实体等不同的当事人。
契约法大多是州法不是联邦法，但各州之间的契约法只有细节之别。契约法主要虽仍为案例法，但处理具体问题的制定法日益增多了。例如，美国《统一商法典》就对商品销售合同之形成设有若干具体规定，而根据作为在这方面最重要的联邦法之一的1887年塔克法（已经修正的），美国政府已因同意在各联邦法院应诉而在契约诉讼中放弃了主权豁免。某些由制定法（以及案例法）规定的规则是强制的，当事人不得避免；而另一些规则则是含蓄的、解释性的、补充性的，因而可以由协议改变之。
