利用生物方法改性农业废弃物--环境工程专业.doc

摘 要


溢油污染因其对环境与经济的影响引起了全球性的关注。如果不快速清除溢油污染，它将造成巨大的环境破坏。使用吸油材料回收水面上的油污是防治石油污染水体的一种方法，人们已经注意到了吸油材料的研制和应用。吸油材料的品种多，但目前应用最多的是以合成有机高分子物质及天然纤维为原料制成的吸油材料。本文综述了已被研究用于石油去除的广泛吸附材料的吸附性质，特别是它们在溢油清除领域的应用。主要讨论了疏水性二氧化硅气凝胶、沸石、有机黏土和自然吸附材料，如洋麻、棉、马利筋丝绵和农业秸秆，其中许多已被证明是具有优良的吸油性质的吸附剂。为了提高这些木质纤维材料的吸附能力，尝试了多种改性方法。本文综述了一些化学改性法能提高自然吸附剂的吸附能力。最近发现一些新的改性技术能代替化学方法，其中生物酶改性技术是一个环境友好型改进过程。综述了多种生物酶性质，展望了它们应用于改性生物质材料中的前景。

关键词：自然吸附剂；石油吸附；化学改性；生物酶改性


















Abstract


Oil spills are a global concern due to the environmental and economical impact. Spilled oil causes immense environmental damage unless it is removed as quickly as possible. Using oil absorption materials recycling oil spill on the water is a kind of method of preventing and controlling oil spill polluted water, people have noticed the research and application of oil absorption material. Oil absorption material breeds more, but the largest present application is the oil absorption material which is made of synthetic organic polymer and natural fibers as raw material. This paper reviews the absorbing properties of the wide variety of oil sorbent materials that have been studied for application in the removal of organics, particularly in the area of oil spill cleanup. The discussion is especially focused on hydrophobic silica aerogels, zeolites, organ clays and natural sorbents, such as kenaf, cotton, milkweed floss, and straws, many of which have been demonstrated to exhibit (or show potential to exhibit) excellent oil absorption properties. In order to improve the adsorbing properties of lignocelluloses such as cereal straw, many attempts have been made to modify the surface of lignocelluloses. Chemical modification of its constituents can achieve these aims. Recent studies have suggested new alternatives for chemical treatment; one of these involves the use of enzymes for eco-friendly processing. The areas for further development of some of these materials are identified. It Reviews a variety of enzyme properties and look forward to their application in modified biomass materials in the future.

Keywords: Natural sorbents, Oil sorption, Chemical modification, Enzymatic modification








目 录

摘 要 I
Abstract II

第一章 绪 论 1
1.1石油污染的现状及危害 1
1.1.1石油污染现状 1
1.1.2石油污染危害 1
1.2石油污染物的组成及污染特性 2
1.2.1石油污染物的组成 2
1.2.2石油污染物在水体中的存在形态及迁移转化规律 2
1.2.3石油污染物的分析测定方法 4
1.3主要石油吸附剂 4
1.3.1 吸附法概况 4
1.3.2 主要吸油材料 6
1.4生物质材料吸附剂的应用 7
1.4.1 在重金属有机污染中的应用 7
1.4.2 在石油污染中的应用 8

第二章 生物质原材料对溢油的吸附性能研究 9
2.1前言 9
2.2材料与方法 9
2.2.1实验材料 9
2.2.2主要设备 9
2.2.3实验方法 10
2.3结果与讨论 11
反应时间对吸附效果的影响 11
2.4本章小结 12

第三章 利用生物酶改性生物质原材料 13
3.1前言 13
3.2材料与方法 13
3.2.1酶活的测定 13
3.2.2半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的含量测定 14
3.3结果与讨论 16
3.3.1酶作用时间对改性的影响 16
3.3.2酶反应温度对改性的影响 17
3.3.3酶投加量对改性的影响 18
3.4改性原材料分子结构表征 19
3.4.1红外光谱分析 19
3.4.2扫描电子显微分析 20
3.4.3XRD分析 20
3.5本章小结 21

第四章 改性原材料对溢油的吸附性能研究 22
4.1前言 22
4.2材料与方法 22
4.2.1主要材料和仪器设备 22
4.3结果与讨论 23
4.3.1吸附时间对吸附效果的影响 23
4.3.2吸附剂量对吸附效果的影响 23
4.3.3油量对吸附效果的影响 24
4.4本章小结 25

结 论 26
参考文献 27
致 谢 32