建筑结构-----外文翻译.doc

A structure is the part of a building that carries its weight, and for at least half the world’s civil engineers, structures are most of civil engineering. We should also remember that anything built is a structure. (From an aero-plane engineer’s point of view, an aero-plane also is a structure.) A structural design is the design of building structures. The building as a whole is designed by an architect, particularly in a densely populated area. For water engineers, sewage-treatment engineers, and municipal engineers, structures are not always an important part of their work though even a road or a pipe is a structure since they both carry load.

Every structural design includes the foundation design. One of the commonest foundations is that for a concrete column or a steel stanchion. It is generally designed for the same maximum load as the column, and usually is an independent (pad) foundation. Where the pads in one row become so large that they nearly touch, it is convenient to join them into a continuous ( or trip) for foundation which generally will be cheaper to dig and to concrete than the same foundations built separately as pads.
结构物是建筑物的一部分，它支承建筑物的重量。对于世界上至少半数以上的土木工程师来说，结构物大部分是土木工程结构。我们也必须明确： 任何建造的东西都是一个结构物（从飞机工程师的观点来看，飞机也是一个结构物）。结构物可以一所住宅，可以是埃及的金字塔，安第斯山的耶稣雕像，或者是水濑建造的横贯加拿大河流的堰坝。一座房屋建筑物是一个有屋顶的结构物，而土木工程结构设计的很大一部分就是房屋建筑结构的设计。建筑物作为一个整体来说，是由建筑师设计的，在人口稠密地区更是如此。对于给水工程师、污水处理工程师和市政工程师来说，结构物并不总是他们工作中的重要部分，但是一条道路或一条管道也是结构物，因为这两者均支承荷载。
任何结构设计都包括基础设计。最常见的基础之一是混凝土柱或钢支柱的基础。这种基础一般按柱的最大荷载设计通常为独立（单柱）基础，当排成一列的单柱基础太大,以致几乎互相接触时，最好把它连接起来形成连续（条形）基础。连续基础的土方开挖和混凝土浇灌费用比分别做成数个单柱基础的同样基础要低廉。
联合基础就是其中的单独基础也会大得几乎相互接触的一种基础，但它与条形基础不同，它可以承受一排以上的柱子传来的荷载。联合基础最终发展成筏式(底板或满堂式)基础，在这种基础里，所有的单柱基础联合起来形成一整块钢筋混凝土板，其厚度可以变化，但通常整块的厚度相等 。