建筑物的组成及高层结构------外文翻译.doc

Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.
The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers.
The first elevator was installed by Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889; Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour.
材料和不同的结构形式构成建筑物各种不同部分，包括承重框架、外壳、楼板和隔墙。在建筑物内部还有机械和电气系统，例如电梯、供暖和冷却系统、照明系统等。地面以上的部分是建筑物的上部结构，地面以下部分为建筑物的基础和下部结构。
摩天大楼的出现应归功于19世纪的两大发展：钢骨架结构和载人电梯。钢材作为一种建筑材料，是从1855年贝西默炼钢法被首次介绍后开始应用的。古斯塔•艾菲尔（1832~1923）首次将钢结构引入法国。1889年的巴黎国际博览会的塔和他为Galerie des 机械的设计表现了钢结构的灵活性。艾菲尔铁塔高300米，是当时人类建造的最高建筑物，直到40年后才由美国的摩天大楼超过其高度。
第一部电梯是1857年Elisha Otis给纽约的一家百货公司所安装的。1889年，艾菲尔在艾菲尔铁塔上安装了第一部大型电梯，它每小时可以运送2350位乘客到达塔顶。