对外贸易相关外文翻译.doc

对外贸易相关外文翻译

中文：3532字
英文：11412字

对外贸易的章程是国家政府面对的其中一个最重要的政策问题。贸易政策除影响国家经济福利之外，它还高度具有本质上的分配性和因而经常存在争议。从第二次世界大战后，由于多边贸易体制的出现和最惠国待遇在全球的使用，国与国之间的贸易关系更趋向于自由贸易主义，而且这也成为了全球的一种趋势。然而，各国政府由于受到国际以及国内的压力，他们同时肯定了贸易保护主义对一国贸易所产生的强有力的力量，无论贸易保护主义是以关税的形式，反倾销，保障措施或是其他的非关税措施。
在贸易政策选择方面，一国通常选择其中一种方法或将生产补助、进口关税和进口限额或者其他物理限制等方法混合使用来保护国内具有竞争力的行业。还有另外一种方法是对外国出口商实施进口配额的累计，被称作“自愿出口限制”（VERs），因为外国的出口商希望通过自愿的出口限制来避免其他形式的贸易保护。在20世纪30年代初，美国、欧盟和其他发达国家广泛的使用这种方法来保护本国的纺织品工业。在多纤协议（MFA）下，VER机制经常在谈判后的出口限制伪装下被惯例化。多纤协议在二十世纪的后半叶的纺织领域具有统治性的地位，直到1995年被纺织和服装协议（ATC）所替代。

Regulation of foreign trade is one of the most important policy issues faced by national governments. In addition to affecting national economic welfare, trade policy is highly distributive in nature, and thus often controversial. Since World War II, the global trend across countries has been towards greater liberalization, due largely to the multilateral trade regime and a broad application of the most favored nation (MFN) principle. Nevertheless, pressures originating from both the international and domestic arenas have ensured that protectionism, whether in the form of tariff, antidumping and safeguard mechanism or other non-tariff mechanisms, remains a powerful force．
In the trade policy horizon nations generally choose one or a mix of production subsidies, import tariffs and import quotas or physical restrictions as ways to protect domestic import-competing industries. Yet another option is import quota-rights accruing to the foreign exporters called ‘Voluntary Export Restraints’ (VERs), because foreign exporters voluntarily restrict exports to avoid other forms of protection. The US, the EU and other developed countries extensively used this instrument for protecting their textile industry in the early 1930s. The VER mechanism was subsequently institutionalized under the guise of negotiated export restraints as in the Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA), which dominated international trade in the textile sector for the entire last quarter of the twentieth century till it was replaced by the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) in 1995．