轴承故障检测仪的设计(本科毕业论文设计).doc
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轴承故障检测仪的设计(本科毕业论文设计),摘要本设计是为了设计一种能对滚动轴承进行故障诊断的简易系统。滚动轴承是机械设备中最常用也是最容易损坏的零件之一。旋转机械中发生的故障有70%是由滚动轴承的故障而引发。滚动轴承有很多损坏形式,总地来说分为对承内圈、外圈、滚动体以及保持架的损坏。这些损伤必然会引起轴承在运动过程中产生冲击,但由于冲击持续时间短,能量发散的频...
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摘 要
本设计是为了设计一种能对滚动轴承进行故障诊断的简易系统。滚动轴承是机械设备中最常用也是最容易损坏的零件之一。旋转机械中发生的故障有70%是由滚动轴承的故障而引发。滚动轴承有很多损坏形式,总地来说分为对承内圈、外圈、滚动体以及保持架的损坏。这些损伤必然会引起轴承在运动过程中产生冲击,但由于冲击持续时间短,能量发散的频域范围广,落在振动频率范围内的能量分量很小。因此,需要通过某种方法对这些复杂的信号加以处理,才能提取我们所需要的故障信号。通过对故障信号的频域分析,就很容易获得故障冲击波的波形,将故障信号频率与我们事先设定的故障特征频率进行比较,从而确定轴承故障的发生部位。该系统设计中利用共振解调原理对冲击故障进行诊断检测。本文着重讲解了对滚动轴承振动信号的分析问题,讲述了适用于平稳信号及线性变换方法的傅立叶变换的频谱分析,并重点讲述包络分析的原理。最后利用软件LabVIEW开发平台设计出一套基于PC-DAQ的虚拟仪器测试系统。
关键词:滚动轴承,故障诊断,信号处理,虚拟仪器
ABSTRACT
This project is in order to design a system which can implement state monitor and fault diagnosis. Rolling bearing is the most useful and both the most vulnerable part in mechanical equipment. The 70% of rotating machinery failure is because of bearing fault. There are a number of mechanisms that can lead to bearing failure, including the inner ring, the outer ring, the rolling elements, and the cage. These failure would induce impact when bearing works. But because of the short duration of impact, the frequency spectrum of energy is broad in scope and the energy signal in the scope of vibration frequency is faint. Therefore, in order to distill the fault signal we needed, the original signal we get should be disposed by some measure. It is easy to get the impact wave through the frequency spectrum analysis to fault signal. Compare the wave to the academic frequency of fault signal calculated in advance, it would be clear that which component is in failure. Demodulation Resonance Principle is used to diagnose the fault signal in this project. The analysis to vibration signal of rolling bearing is presented in this paper, including the Fourier Transform, an applicable technique to smooth signal and linear transformation, besides, the envelope analysis is emphasized. Finally, a virtual instrument system based on PC-DAQ and Labview platform is presented.
Key words: Rolling bearing, fault diagnosis, signal processing, virtual instrument
目 录
中文摘要 Ⅰ
ABSTRACT Ⅱ
1 绪论 1
1.1 课题的提出及意义 1
1.2 课题的研究背景 1
1.3 故障诊断系统技术的发展趋势 2
1.4 主要设计内容 3
1.4.1 主要设计过程 3
1.4.2 本论文主要内容 3
2 滚动轴承的结构及故障机理 4
2.1 滚动轴承的结构 4
2.2 滚动轴承的失效形式 4
2.3 轴承故障的振动检测方法 5
2.3.1 滚动轴承的故障机理 5
2.3.2 滚动轴承异常时的特征频率 6
3 滚动轴承振动信号分析 8
3.1 概述 8
3.2傅立叶变换及其应用 8
3.2.1傅立叶变换 8
3.2.2傅立叶变换的应用 9
3.3 包络分析 10
3.3.1 包络分析基本原理 10
3.3.2 包络解调技术 11
3.3.3 包络分析的实现方法 14
3.3.4 包络分析的发展及现状 15
4 检测仪总体设计 16
4.1 设计综述 16
4.2 硬件设计 16
4.2.1 硬件总体构成 16
4.2.2 直流电动机调速系统的选择 17
4.2.3 传感器的选择及布置 20
4.2.4 信号调理电路 21
4.2.5 数据采集卡 22
4.3 软件设计 23
4.3.1 软件介绍 23
4.3.2 软件总体构成 24
4.3.3 振动信号处理程序 25
4.3.4 LabView程序设计 26
5 总结 28
参考文献 29
本设计是为了设计一种能对滚动轴承进行故障诊断的简易系统。滚动轴承是机械设备中最常用也是最容易损坏的零件之一。旋转机械中发生的故障有70%是由滚动轴承的故障而引发。滚动轴承有很多损坏形式,总地来说分为对承内圈、外圈、滚动体以及保持架的损坏。这些损伤必然会引起轴承在运动过程中产生冲击,但由于冲击持续时间短,能量发散的频域范围广,落在振动频率范围内的能量分量很小。因此,需要通过某种方法对这些复杂的信号加以处理,才能提取我们所需要的故障信号。通过对故障信号的频域分析,就很容易获得故障冲击波的波形,将故障信号频率与我们事先设定的故障特征频率进行比较,从而确定轴承故障的发生部位。该系统设计中利用共振解调原理对冲击故障进行诊断检测。本文着重讲解了对滚动轴承振动信号的分析问题,讲述了适用于平稳信号及线性变换方法的傅立叶变换的频谱分析,并重点讲述包络分析的原理。最后利用软件LabVIEW开发平台设计出一套基于PC-DAQ的虚拟仪器测试系统。
关键词:滚动轴承,故障诊断,信号处理,虚拟仪器
ABSTRACT
This project is in order to design a system which can implement state monitor and fault diagnosis. Rolling bearing is the most useful and both the most vulnerable part in mechanical equipment. The 70% of rotating machinery failure is because of bearing fault. There are a number of mechanisms that can lead to bearing failure, including the inner ring, the outer ring, the rolling elements, and the cage. These failure would induce impact when bearing works. But because of the short duration of impact, the frequency spectrum of energy is broad in scope and the energy signal in the scope of vibration frequency is faint. Therefore, in order to distill the fault signal we needed, the original signal we get should be disposed by some measure. It is easy to get the impact wave through the frequency spectrum analysis to fault signal. Compare the wave to the academic frequency of fault signal calculated in advance, it would be clear that which component is in failure. Demodulation Resonance Principle is used to diagnose the fault signal in this project. The analysis to vibration signal of rolling bearing is presented in this paper, including the Fourier Transform, an applicable technique to smooth signal and linear transformation, besides, the envelope analysis is emphasized. Finally, a virtual instrument system based on PC-DAQ and Labview platform is presented.
Key words: Rolling bearing, fault diagnosis, signal processing, virtual instrument
目 录
中文摘要 Ⅰ
ABSTRACT Ⅱ
1 绪论 1
1.1 课题的提出及意义 1
1.2 课题的研究背景 1
1.3 故障诊断系统技术的发展趋势 2
1.4 主要设计内容 3
1.4.1 主要设计过程 3
1.4.2 本论文主要内容 3
2 滚动轴承的结构及故障机理 4
2.1 滚动轴承的结构 4
2.2 滚动轴承的失效形式 4
2.3 轴承故障的振动检测方法 5
2.3.1 滚动轴承的故障机理 5
2.3.2 滚动轴承异常时的特征频率 6
3 滚动轴承振动信号分析 8
3.1 概述 8
3.2傅立叶变换及其应用 8
3.2.1傅立叶变换 8
3.2.2傅立叶变换的应用 9
3.3 包络分析 10
3.3.1 包络分析基本原理 10
3.3.2 包络解调技术 11
3.3.3 包络分析的实现方法 14
3.3.4 包络分析的发展及现状 15
4 检测仪总体设计 16
4.1 设计综述 16
4.2 硬件设计 16
4.2.1 硬件总体构成 16
4.2.2 直流电动机调速系统的选择 17
4.2.3 传感器的选择及布置 20
4.2.4 信号调理电路 21
4.2.5 数据采集卡 22
4.3 软件设计 23
4.3.1 软件介绍 23
4.3.2 软件总体构成 24
4.3.3 振动信号处理程序 25
4.3.4 LabView程序设计 26
5 总结 28
参考文献 29